itunes-project/node_modules/qs/README.md

# qs <sup>[![Version Badge][2]][1]</sup>

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A querystring parsing and stringifying library with some added security.

Lead Maintainer: [Jordan Harband](https://github.com/ljharb)

The **qs** module was originally created and maintained by [TJ Holowaychuk](https://github.com/visionmedia/node-querystring).

## Usage

```javascript
var qs = require('qs');
var assert = require('assert');

var obj = qs.parse('a=c');
assert.deepEqual(obj, { a: 'c' });

var str = qs.stringify(obj);
assert.equal(str, 'a=c');
```

### Parsing Objects

[](#preventEval)
```javascript
qs.parse(string, [options]);
```

**qs** allows you to create nested objects within your query strings, by surrounding the name of sub-keys with square brackets `[]`.
For example, the string `'foo[bar]=baz'` converts to:

```javascript
assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo[bar]=baz'), {
    foo: {
        bar: 'baz'
    }
});
```

When using the `plainObjects` option the parsed value is returned as a null object, created via `Object.create(null)` and as such you should be aware that prototype methods will not exist on it and a user may set those names to whatever value they like:

```javascript
var nullObject = qs.parse('a[hasOwnProperty]=b', { plainObjects: true });
assert.deepEqual(nullObject, { a: { hasOwnProperty: 'b' } });
```

By default parameters that would overwrite properties on the object prototype are ignored, if you wish to keep the data from those fields either use `plainObjects` as mentioned above, or set `allowPrototypes` to `true` which will allow user input to overwrite those properties. *WARNING* It is generally a bad idea to enable this option as it can cause problems when attempting to use the properties that have been overwritten. Always be careful with this option.

```javascript
var protoObject = qs.parse('a[hasOwnProperty]=b', { allowPrototypes: true });
assert.deepEqual(protoObject, { a: { hasOwnProperty: 'b' } });
```

URI encoded strings work too:

```javascript
assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a%5Bb%5D=c'), {
    a: { b: 'c' }
});
```

You can also nest your objects, like `'foo[bar][baz]=foobarbaz'`:

```javascript
assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo[bar][baz]=foobarbaz'), {
    foo: {
        bar: {
            baz: 'foobarbaz'
        }
    }
});
```

By default, when nesting objects **qs** will only parse up to 5 children deep. This means if you attempt to parse a string like
`'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j'` your resulting object will be:

```javascript
var expected = {
    a: {
        b: {
            c: {
                d: {
                    e: {
                        f: {
                            '[g][h][i]': 'j'
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
};
var string = 'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j';
assert.deepEqual(qs.parse(string), expected);
```

This depth can be overridden by passing a `depth` option to `qs.parse(string, [options])`:

```javascript
var deep = qs.parse('a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j', { depth: 1 });
assert.deepEqual(deep, { a: { b: { '[c][d][e][f][g][h][i]': 'j' } } });
```

The depth limit helps mitigate abuse when **qs** is used to parse user input, and it is recommended to keep it a reasonably small number.

For similar reasons, by default **qs** will only parse up to 1000 parameters. This can be overridden by passing a `parameterLimit` option:

```javascript
var limited = qs.parse('a=b&c=d', { parameterLimit: 1 });
assert.deepEqual(limited, { a: 'b' });
```

To bypass the leading question mark, use `ignoreQueryPrefix`:

```javascript
var prefixed = qs.parse('?a=b&c=d', { ignoreQueryPrefix: true });
assert.deepEqual(prefixed, { a: 'b', c: 'd' });
```

An optional delimiter can also be passed:

```javascript
var delimited = qs.parse('a=b;c=d', { delimiter: ';' });
assert.deepEqual(delimited, { a: 'b', c: 'd' });
```

Delimiters can be a regular expression too:

```javascript
var regexed = qs.parse('a=b;c=d,e=f', { delimiter: /[;,]/ });
assert.deepEqual(regexed, { a: 'b', c: 'd', e: 'f' });
```

Option `allowDots` can be used to enable dot notation:

```javascript
var withDots = qs.parse('a.b=c', { allowDots: true });
assert.deepEqual(withDots, { a: { b: 'c' } });
```

If you have to deal with legacy browsers or services, there's
also support for decoding percent-encoded octets as iso-8859-1:

```javascript
var oldCharset = qs.parse('a=%A7', { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
assert.deepEqual(oldCharset, { a: '§' });
```

Some services add an initial `utf8=✓` value to forms so that old
Internet Explorer versions are more likely to submit the form as
utf-8. Additionally, the server can check the value against wrong
encodings of the checkmark character and detect that a query string
or `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` body was *not* sent as
utf-8, eg. if the form had an `accept-charset` parameter or the
containing page had a different character set.

**qs** supports this mechanism via the `charsetSentinel` option.
If specified, the `utf8` parameter will be omitted from the
returned object. It will be used to switch to `iso-8859-1`/`utf-8`
mode depending on how the checkmark is encoded.

**Important**: When you specify both the `charset` option and the
`charsetSentinel` option, the `charset` will be overridden when
the request contains a `utf8` parameter from which the actual
charset can be deduced. In that sense the `charset` will behave
as the default charset rather than the authoritative charset.

```javascript
var detectedAsUtf8 = qs.parse('utf8=%E2%9C%93&a=%C3%B8', {
    charset: 'iso-8859-1',
    charsetSentinel: true
});
assert.deepEqual(detectedAsUtf8, { a: 'ø' });

// Browsers encode the checkmark as &#10003; when submitting as iso-8859-1:
var detectedAsIso8859_1 = qs.parse('utf8=%26%2310003%3B&a=%F8', {
    charset: 'utf-8',
    charsetSentinel: true
});
assert.deepEqual(detectedAsIso8859_1, { a: 'ø' });
```

If you want to decode the `&#...;` syntax to the actual character,
you can specify the `interpretNumericEntities` option as well:

```javascript
var detectedAsIso8859_1 = qs.parse('a=%26%239786%3B', {
    charset: 'iso-8859-1',
    interpretNumericEntities: true
});
assert.deepEqual(detectedAsIso8859_1, { a: '☺' });
```

It also works when the charset has been detected in `charsetSentinel`
mode.

### Parsing Arrays

**qs** can also parse arrays using a similar `[]` notation:

```javascript
var withArray = qs.parse('a[]=b&a[]=c');
assert.deepEqual(withArray, { a: ['b', 'c'] });
```

You may specify an index as well:

```javascript
var withIndexes = qs.parse('a[1]=c&a[0]=b');
assert.deepEqual(withIndexes, { a: ['b', 'c'] });
```

Note that the only difference between an index in an array and a key in an object is that the value between the brackets must be a number
to create an array. When creating arrays with specific indices, **qs** will compact a sparse array to only the existing values preserving
their order:

```javascript
var noSparse = qs.parse('a[1]=b&a[15]=c');
assert.deepEqual(noSparse, { a: ['b', 'c'] });
```

Note that an empty string is also a value, and will be preserved:

```javascript
var withEmptyString = qs.parse('a[]=&a[]=b');
assert.deepEqual(withEmptyString, { a: ['', 'b'] });

var withIndexedEmptyString = qs.parse('a[0]=b&a[1]=&a[2]=c');
assert.deepEqual(withIndexedEmptyString, { a: ['b', '', 'c'] });
```

**qs** will also limit specifying indices in an array to a maximum index of `20`. Any array members with an index of greater than `20` will
instead be converted to an object with the index as the key. This is needed to handle cases when someone sent, for example, `a[999999999]` and it will take significant time to iterate over this huge array.

```javascript
var withMaxIndex = qs.parse('a[100]=b');
assert.deepEqual(withMaxIndex, { a: { '100': 'b' } });
```

This limit can be overridden by passing an `arrayLimit` option:

```javascript
var withArrayLimit = qs.parse('a[1]=b', { arrayLimit: 0 });
assert.deepEqual(withArrayLimit, { a: { '1': 'b' } });
```

To disable array parsing entirely, set `parseArrays` to `false`.

```javascript
var noParsingArrays = qs.parse('a[]=b', { parseArrays: false });
assert.deepEqual(noParsingArrays, { a: { '0': 'b' } });
```

If you mix notations, **qs** will merge the two items into an object:

```javascript
var mixedNotation = qs.parse('a[0]=b&a[b]=c');
assert.deepEqual(mixedNotation, { a: { '0': 'b', b: 'c' } });
```

You can also create arrays of objects:

```javascript
var arraysOfObjects = qs.parse('a[][b]=c');
assert.deepEqual(arraysOfObjects, { a: [{ b: 'c' }] });
```

Some people use comma to join array, **qs** can parse it:
```javascript
var arraysOfObjects = qs.parse('a=b,c', { comma: true })
assert.deepEqual(arraysOfObjects, { a: ['b', 'c'] })
```
(_this cannot convert nested objects, such as `a={b:1},{c:d}`_)

### Stringifying

[](#preventEval)
```javascript
qs.stringify(object, [options]);
```

When stringifying, **qs** by default URI encodes output. Objects are stringified as you would expect:

```javascript
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b' }), 'a=b');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }), 'a%5Bb%5D=c');
```

This encoding can be disabled by setting the `encode` option to `false`:

```javascript
var unencoded = qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }, { encode: false });
assert.equal(unencoded, 'a[b]=c');
```

Encoding can be disabled for keys by setting the `encodeValuesOnly` option to `true`:
```javascript
var encodedValues = qs.stringify(
    { a: 'b', c: ['d', 'e=f'], f: [['g'], ['h']] },
    { encodeValuesOnly: true }
);
assert.equal(encodedValues,'a=b&c[0]=d&c[1]=e%3Df&f[0][0]=g&f[1][0]=h');
```

This encoding can also be replaced by a custom encoding method set as `encoder` option:

```javascript
var encoded = qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }, { encoder: function (str) {
    // Passed in values `a`, `b`, `c`
    return // Return encoded string
}})
```

_(Note: the `encoder` option does not apply if `encode` is `false`)_

Analogue to the `encoder` there is a `decoder` option for `parse` to override decoding of properties and values:

```javascript
var decoded = qs.parse('x=z', { decoder: function (str) {
    // Passed in values `x`, `z`
    return // Return decoded string
}})
```

Examples beyond this point will be shown as though the output is not URI encoded for clarity. Please note that the return values in these cases *will* be URI encoded during real usage.

When arrays are stringified, by default they are given explicit indices:

```javascript
qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] });
// 'a[0]=b&a[1]=c&a[2]=d'
```

You may override this by setting the `indices` option to `false`:

```javascript
qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] }, { indices: false });
// 'a=b&a=c&a=d'
```

You may use the `arrayFormat` option to specify the format of the output array:

```javascript
qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'indices' })
// 'a[0]=b&a[1]=c'
qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'brackets' })
// 'a[]=b&a[]=c'
qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'repeat' })
// 'a=b&a=c'
qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'comma' })
// 'a=b,c'
```

When objects are stringified, by default they use bracket notation:

```javascript
qs.stringify({ a: { b: { c: 'd', e: 'f' } } });
// 'a[b][c]=d&a[b][e]=f'
```

You may override this to use dot notation by setting the `allowDots` option to `true`:

```javascript
qs.stringify({ a: { b: { c: 'd', e: 'f' } } }, { allowDots: true });
// 'a.b.c=d&a.b.e=f'
```

Empty strings and null values will omit the value, but the equals sign (=) remains in place:

```javascript
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: '' }), 'a=');
```

Key with no values (such as an empty object or array) will return nothing:

```javascript
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: [] }), '');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: {} }), '');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: [{}] }), '');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: []} }), '');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: {}} }), '');
```

Properties that are set to `undefined` will be omitted entirely:

```javascript
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: null, b: undefined }), 'a=');
```

The query string may optionally be prepended with a question mark:

```javascript
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd' }, { addQueryPrefix: true }), '?a=b&c=d');
```

The delimiter may be overridden with stringify as well:

```javascript
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd' }, { delimiter: ';' }), 'a=b;c=d');
```

If you only want to override the serialization of `Date` objects, you can provide a `serializeDate` option:

```javascript
var date = new Date(7);
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: date }), 'a=1970-01-01T00:00:00.007Z'.replace(/:/g, '%3A'));
assert.equal(
    qs.stringify({ a: date }, { serializeDate: function (d) { return d.getTime(); } }),
    'a=7'
);
```

You may use the `sort` option to affect the order of parameter keys:

```javascript
function alphabeticalSort(a, b) {
    return a.localeCompare(b);
}
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'c', z: 'y', b : 'f' }, { sort: alphabeticalSort }), 'a=c&b=f&z=y');
```

Finally, you can use the `filter` option to restrict which keys will be included in the stringified output.
If you pass a function, it will be called for each key to obtain the replacement value. Otherwise, if you
pass an array, it will be used to select properties and array indices for stringification:

```javascript
function filterFunc(prefix, value) {
    if (prefix == 'b') {
        // Return an `undefined` value to omit a property.
        return;
    }
    if (prefix == 'e[f]') {
        return value.getTime();
    }
    if (prefix == 'e[g][0]') {
        return value * 2;
    }
    return value;
}
qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd', e: { f: new Date(123), g: [2] } }, { filter: filterFunc });
// 'a=b&c=d&e[f]=123&e[g][0]=4'
qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd', e: 'f' }, { filter: ['a', 'e'] });
// 'a=b&e=f'
qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'], e: 'f' }, { filter: ['a', 0, 2] });
// 'a[0]=b&a[2]=d'
```

### Handling of `null` values

By default, `null` values are treated like empty strings:

```javascript
var withNull = qs.stringify({ a: null, b: '' });
assert.equal(withNull, 'a=&b=');
```

Parsing does not distinguish between parameters with and without equal signs. Both are converted to empty strings.

```javascript
var equalsInsensitive = qs.parse('a&b=');
assert.deepEqual(equalsInsensitive, { a: '', b: '' });
```

To distinguish between `null` values and empty strings use the `strictNullHandling` flag. In the result string the `null`
values have no `=` sign:

```javascript
var strictNull = qs.stringify({ a: null, b: '' }, { strictNullHandling: true });
assert.equal(strictNull, 'a&b=');
```

To parse values without `=` back to `null` use the `strictNullHandling` flag:

```javascript
var parsedStrictNull = qs.parse('a&b=', { strictNullHandling: true });
assert.deepEqual(parsedStrictNull, { a: null, b: '' });
```

To completely skip rendering keys with `null` values, use the `skipNulls` flag:

```javascript
var nullsSkipped = qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: null}, { skipNulls: true });
assert.equal(nullsSkipped, 'a=b');
```

If you're communicating with legacy systems, you can switch to `iso-8859-1`
using the `charset` option:

```javascript
var iso = qs.stringify({ æ: 'æ' }, { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
assert.equal(iso, '%E6=%E6');
```

Characters that don't exist in `iso-8859-1` will be converted to numeric
entities, similar to what browsers do:

```javascript
var numeric = qs.stringify({ a: '☺' }, { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
assert.equal(numeric, 'a=%26%239786%3B');
```

You can use the `charsetSentinel` option to announce the character by
including an `utf8=✓` parameter with the proper encoding if the checkmark,
similar to what Ruby on Rails and others do when submitting forms.

```javascript
var sentinel = qs.stringify({ a: '☺' }, { charsetSentinel: true });
assert.equal(sentinel, 'utf8=%E2%9C%93&a=%E2%98%BA');

var isoSentinel = qs.stringify({ a: 'æ' }, { charsetSentinel: true, charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
assert.equal(isoSentinel, 'utf8=%26%2310003%3B&a=%E6');
```

### Dealing with special character sets

By default the encoding and decoding of characters is done in `utf-8`,
and `iso-8859-1` support is also built in via the `charset` parameter.

If you wish to encode querystrings to a different character set (i.e.
[Shift JIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS)) you can use the
[`qs-iconv`](https://github.com/martinheidegger/qs-iconv) library:

```javascript
var encoder = require('qs-iconv/encoder')('shift_jis');
var shiftJISEncoded = qs.stringify({ a: 'こんにちは！' }, { encoder: encoder });
assert.equal(shiftJISEncoded, 'a=%82%B1%82%F1%82%C9%82%BF%82%CD%81I');
```

This also works for decoding of query strings:

```javascript
var decoder = require('qs-iconv/decoder')('shift_jis');
var obj = qs.parse('a=%82%B1%82%F1%82%C9%82%BF%82%CD%81I', { decoder: decoder });
assert.deepEqual(obj, { a: 'こんにちは！' });
```

### RFC 3986 and RFC 1738 space encoding

RFC3986 used as default option and encodes ' ' to *%20* which is backward compatible.
In the same time, output can be stringified as per RFC1738 with ' ' equal to '+'.

```
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }), 'a=b%20c');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }, { format : 'RFC3986' }), 'a=b%20c');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }, { format : 'RFC1738' }), 'a=b+c');
```

[1]: https://npmjs.org/package/qs
[2]: http://versionbadg.es/ljharb/qs.svg
[3]: https://api.travis-ci.org/ljharb/qs.svg
[4]: https://travis-ci.org/ljharb/qs
[5]: https://david-dm.org/ljharb/qs.svg
[6]: https://david-dm.org/ljharb/qs
[7]: https://david-dm.org/ljharb/qs/dev-status.svg
[8]: https://david-dm.org/ljharb/qs?type=dev
[9]: https://ci.testling.com/ljharb/qs.png
[10]: https://ci.testling.com/ljharb/qs
[11]: https://nodei.co/npm/qs.png?downloads=true&stars=true
[license-image]: http://img.shields.io/npm/l/qs.svg
[license-url]: LICENSE
[downloads-image]: http://img.shields.io/npm/dm/qs.svg
[downloads-url]: http://npm-stat.com/charts.html?package=qs