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All opcodes implemented!

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Co-authored-by: sigonasr2 <sigonasr2@gmail.com>
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sigonasr2 2023-01-06 00:22:22 -06:00
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Guide to making a CHIP-8 emulator - Tobias V. Langhoff.html Normal file
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Guide to making a CHIP-8 emulator - Tobias V_files/all.min.css vendored Normal file
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Guide to making a CHIP-8 emulator - Tobias V_files/analytics.js Normal file
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69
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@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
var idx = lunr(function () {
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});
});

73
Guide to making a CHIP-8 emulator - Tobias V_files/lunr-store.js Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
var store = [{
"title": "Picolarium and Polarium passwords",
"excerpt":"A few months ago, I published my first game Picolarium, a “demake” of one of my favorite puzzle games, Polarium, made in PICO-8. You can play Picolarium here. I just updated Picolarium with some new features: Picolarium now has a level editor! You can create levels, export them as passwords...","categories": ["Blog"],
"tags": ["Game development","PICO-8"],
"url": "/blog/picolarium/",
"teaser": null
},{
"title": "Mini Lights Out for CHIP-8",
"excerpt":"I’ve always thought games are shaped by their medium, so ever since I discovered CHIP-8 I’ve wanted to make a game that’s very idiomatic. Octojam was my chance. CHIP-8 has a very distinctive human–computer interface: Input is a hexadecimal keyboard on a 4x4 grid, and output is done by XOR-ing...","categories": ["Blog"],
"tags": ["CHIP-8","Game development"],
"url": "/blog/mini-lights-out/",
"teaser": "/assets/images/mini-lights-out.gif"
},{
"title": "Things I finished in 2019",
"excerpt":"A summary of things I “finished” in 2019, with comments. In 2019 I had my second child. Having one kid (born in 2014) actually opened up a lot of free time for my hobbies, since I had to stay at home most evenings, but with two kids there’s so much...","categories": ["Blog"],
"tags": ["Year in Review"],
"url": "/blog/things-i-finished/",
"teaser": null
},{
"title": "New project: DRÖM, a DREAM 6800 emulator",
"excerpt":"For this year’s RetroChallenge, I’m going to make an emulator for a 41 year old Australian hobby computer. This post is part of a series on writing an emulator for the DREAM 6800 computer. Read the DREAM 6800 posts and look at the emulator’s repository. I’ve been very interested in...","categories": ["Blog"],
"tags": ["CHIP-8","DREAM 6800","Emulation"],
"url": "/blog/drom/",
"teaser": "/assets/images/dream_6800_ea.jpg"
},{
"title": "Motorola 6800 addressing modes",
"excerpt":"The MC6800’s addressing modes have a few things to be aware of. This post is part of a series on writing an emulator for the DREAM 6800 computer. Read the DREAM 6800 posts and look at the emulator’s repository. The first step in emulating an M6800 system is to decode...","categories": ["Blog"],
"tags": ["M6800","DREAM 6800","Emulation"],
"url": "/blog/m6800-addressing-modes/",
"teaser": "/assets/images/m6800-logo.png"
},{
"title": "Extending CHIPOS with more CHIP-8 instructions",
"excerpt":"In which I learn 6800 assembly in order to hack CHIPOS. This post is part of a series on writing an emulator for the DREAM 6800 computer. Read the DREAM 6800 posts and look at the emulator’s repository. The source code and binary for the modified CHIPOS (“CHIPOSLO”) can be...","categories": ["Blog"],
"tags": ["CHIP-8","DREAM 6800","M6800"],
"url": "/blog/chipos-hacking/",
"teaser": "/assets/images/chipos_logo.png"
},{
"title": "Choosing the wrong M6800 assembler",
"excerpt":"Using the wrong assembler can set your MC6800 on fire. This post is part of a series on writing an emulator for the DREAM 6800 computer. Read the DREAM 6800 posts and look at the emulator’s repository. I’ve done a little homebrew for the Fairchild Channel F in the past,...","categories": ["Blog"],
"tags": ["M6800","DREAM 6800"],
"url": "/blog/choosing-the-wrong-m6800-assembler/",
"teaser": "/assets/images/m6800-logo.png"
},{
"title": "An emulator UI",
"excerpt":"The RetroChallenge is over, and I finished my project, the DREAM 6800 emulator DRÖM. This post is part of a series on writing an emulator for the DREAM 6800 computer. Read the DREAM 6800 posts and look at the emulator’s repository. First off: To download the emulator, head over to...","categories": ["Blog"],
"tags": ["DREAM 6800","Emulation"],
"url": "/blog/an-emulator-ui/",
"teaser": "/assets/images/drom.png"
},{
"title": "Emulating the Space Invaders look and feel",
"excerpt":"My attempt at making a Space Invaders emulator look like the arcade cabinet. Check out the emulator’s repository if you’re interested. It’s called Moon Invaders, because the game seemingly takes place on the moon, and I wrote the emulator in Lua (which is the Portuguese name for the Moon). To...","categories": ["Blog"],
"tags": ["Emulation"],
"url": "/blog/space-invaders/",
"teaser": "/assets/images/moon_invaders.png"
},{
"title": "Guide to making a CHIP-8 emulator",
"excerpt":"A high-level guide to making a CHIP-8 emulator. Do you want to get into emulator development? A common advice is to start out with CHIP-8. But how do you do that? And why are there so many different, conflicting specifications? This is a guide for you. It will tell you...","categories": ["Blog"],
"tags": ["CHIP-8","Emulation"],
"url": "/blog/write-a-chip-8-emulator/",
"teaser": "/assets/images/cosmac-vip-manual.png"
},{
"title": "Running CHIP-8 on an HP 48 calculator",
"excerpt":"How to use an advanced calculator as a “Game Boy” for CHIP-8! In 1990, the 1977 programming language and interpreter CHIP-8 had its renaissance on the HP 48S, a graphing calculator that was common in engineering schools. The numeric keypad was well suited for CHIP-8 input, and the simple language...","categories": ["Blog"],
"tags": ["CHIP-8"],
"url": "/blog/chip-8-hp-48/",
"teaser": "/assets/images/hp48.png"
},{
"title": "Anchorhead map",
"excerpt":"A map I made for the interactive fiction game Anchorhead. It’s been a while since I blogged. Contrary to what I thought at the beginning of the pandemic, I didn’t work a lot on my hobbies even though I suddenly got a lot of time to do so. But I’ve...","categories": ["Blog"],
"tags": ["Interactive Fiction"],
"url": "/blog/anchorhead-map/",
"teaser": "/assets/images/anchorhead_map.png"
}]

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<a class="text-link" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/tobiasvl/tobiasvl.github.io/issues/16">9 Comments</a>
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<a class="text-link" href="https://github.com/tobiasvl/tobiasvl.github.io/issues/16#issuecomment-826249951" target="_blank">on Apr 24, 2021</a>
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<p dir="auto">This was a great write-up - I found that it
provided a good level of detail while leaving enough of the
implementation details for me to figure out.</p>
<p dir="auto">Two things that were a little unclear to me, both in the <code class="notranslate">DXYN</code> instruction:</p>
<ol dir="auto">
<li>While drawing the sprite, I wasn't sure whether I should be actually modifying <code class="notranslate">I</code> or just reading from successive memory locations. I ended up <em>not</em> modifying it, which seemed to work fine.</li>
<li>The written explanation didn't say anything about setting the <code class="notranslate">VF</code> flag - I had to find that out from the pseudocode section which I had initially tried to avoid.</li>
</ol>
<p dir="auto">My attempt (seems to be working, sans sound) is in Rust: <a href="https://github.com/cbreezier/rchip8" target="_top" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/cbreezier/rchip8</a></p>
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<p dir="auto"><a class="user-mention notranslate" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/cbreezier/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" href="https://github.com/cbreezier" target="_top" rel="noopener noreferrer">@cbreezier</a> Hey, thanks for the feedback!</p>
<ol dir="auto">
<li>Thanks, I've attempted to clarify this. You're correct, <code class="notranslate">I</code> should not be modified (and neither should <code class="notranslate">VX</code> and <code class="notranslate">VY</code>, for that matter).</li>
<li>Hmm, the written explanation does have a bullet point about setting <code class="notranslate">VF</code>,
though? It says "If the current pixel in the sprite row is on and the
pixel at coordinates X,Y on the screen is also on, turn off the pixel
and set <code class="notranslate">VF</code> to 1". Let me know if anything is unclear about this, or if you were talking about some other part of the tutorial.</li>
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<p dir="auto">Again, thanks for the feedback, and I'm glad you found it useful!</p>
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<p dir="auto">Thanks for writing this great article! I’m sure it helped many people get into the topic of emulators, as it did with me.</p>
<p dir="auto">But there is one thing I’m still not sure about (it has to do with <code class="notranslate">FX0A</code>
Instruction). It says that the instruction “blocks” execution. Does
this mean that the timers should stop decrementing as well or do they
continue at their normal rate of <code class="notranslate">60Hz</code>
(I’ve scanned the Internet for any mention of this, but I haven’t found a
clear, unambiguous answer. But it seems like that the timers should
continue)?</p>
<p dir="auto">Maybe this is something you find worth clarifying in your article.</p>
<p dir="auto">Thanks for your time!</p>
<p dir="auto">Here is my attempt in Rust for anyone interested: <a href="https://github.com/DasStone/chip8emu_rs" target="_top" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/DasStone/chip8emu_rs</a></p>
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<p dir="auto"><a class="user-mention notranslate" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/DasStone/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" href="https://github.com/DasStone" target="_top" rel="noopener noreferrer">@DasStone</a>
Thanks for the kind words and the feedback! You're right, this is
definitely worth clarifying in the blog post. In the meantime, I can
confirm that yes, you're correct, the timers should continue while the <code class="notranslate">FX0A</code> instruction is blocking for input.</p>
<p dir="auto">In the CHIP-8 interpreter on the COSMAC VIP, <code class="notranslate">FX0A</code>
was simply an infinite loop that ran until a key was pressed. The
timers were decremented in the COSMAC VIP's built-in display interrupt
routine, which is why they're decremented 60 times per second – the
display interrupt occurs each frame drawn to the display, which
refreshes at 60 Hz. You can read more about it here: <a href="https://laurencescotford.com/chip-8-on-the-cosmac-vip-interrupts/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_top">https://laurencescotford.com/chip-8-on-the-cosmac-vip-interrupts/</a></p>
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<p dir="auto">Hi <a class="user-mention notranslate" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/tobiasvl/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" href="https://github.com/tobiasvl" target="_top" rel="noopener noreferrer">@tobiasvl</a>, thanks for posting this excellent guide. I referenced it many times while writing my own interpreter.</p>
<p dir="auto">I have a question regarding one of your statements:</p>
<blockquote>
<p dir="auto">However, the actual drawing of the sprite should not wrap.
If a sprite is drawn near the edge of the screen, it should be clipped,
and not wrap. The sprite should be partly drawn near the edge, and the
other part should not reappear on the opposite side of the screen.</p>
</blockquote>
<p dir="auto">But <a href="http://devernay.free.fr/hacks/chip8/C8TECH10.HTM#Dxyn" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_top">this reference</a> says:</p>
<blockquote>
<p dir="auto">If the sprite is positioned so part of it is outside the
coordinates of the display, it wraps around to the opposite side of the
screen.</p>
</blockquote>
<p dir="auto">For example, paddles in Pong seem to wrap in other
interpreters I tried (e.g. Octo IDE), but based on your instructions,
they shouldn't. Am I missing something here?</p>
<p dir="auto">Edit: Just found out Octo IDE has an option for wrapping/clipping sprites. I think I'll make it configurable too.</p>
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<p dir="auto"><a class="user-mention notranslate" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/jakubito/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" href="https://github.com/jakubito" target="_top" rel="noopener noreferrer">@jakubito</a>
Thanks, interesting! I can confirm that my statement is correct –
sprites shouldn't partially wrap in either the original CHIP-8
interpreter (<a href="https://laurencescotford.com/chip-8-on-the-cosmac-vip-drawing-sprites/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_top">source</a>) or in CHIP-48/S-CHIP (<a href="https://github.com/Chromatophore/HP48-Superchip/blob/master/investigations/quirk_collide.md" target="_top" rel="noopener noreferrer">source</a>).</p>
<p dir="auto">However! By "Pong", I assume you're referring to David
Winter's Pong game. It was written for his own DOS interpreter, which
was based on the CHIP-48 specification. This specification seems to be
what Cowgod's reference is based on as well. It's possible David Winter
introduced sprite wrapping himself, and this is the reason for the
disparity.</p>
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<p dir="auto">Thanks for this helpful post on creating a
CHIP-8 emulator! I just developed an interest in emulator creation and,
after a little research, discovered that writing a CHIP-8 emulator
(/interpreter) is apparently a rite of passage. With the help of this
guide, I put together a working CHIP-8 emulator in Java that passes the
BonCoder test, and it only took around 8 hours. I'm planning to try to
make an NES emulator next. I expect that to be a big step up in
complexity!</p>
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<p dir="auto">Hello! Love the article and I've been working on
my own interpreter, however I noted you said for the IBM logo program
only the opcodes you mentioned were needed, but there are several
opcodes starting with "F" in the versions of the IBM logo I can find, so
I'm quite confused if more opcodes are needed or if I'm messing up
something. Any clarity would be appreciated! Thanks in advance.</p>
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<p dir="auto">Hello! Love the article and I've been working on my own
interpreter, however I noted you said for the IBM logo program only the
opcodes you mentioned were needed, but there are several opcodes
starting with "F" in the versions of the IBM logo I can find, so I'm
quite confused if more opcodes are needed or if I'm messing up
something. Any clarity would be appreciated! Thanks in advance.</p>
</blockquote>
<p dir="auto"><a class="user-mention notranslate" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/jasonnelson618/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" href="https://github.com/jasonnelson618" target="_top" rel="noopener noreferrer">@jasonnelson618</a>
Thanks for the kind words! There should be no FXXX opcodes in the IBM
program. How are you reaching those opcodes? My guess is that you're
reading the graphics data (for the IBM logo) as code somehow, ie. that
you have a bug that has caused your Program Counter to point into the
graphics, attempting to execute it.</p>
<p dir="auto">If you push your code to GitHub, I could have a look at it
and see if I spot the bug. Otherwise, good luck bug hunting! Might be a
good idea to write some debug stuff to the terminal, such as the
current PC and opcode at each step, so you see what's happening.</p>
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main.cpp
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@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
#include <ios> #include <ios>
#include <stack> #include <stack>
#include <bitset> #include <bitset>
#include <random>
using namespace olc; using namespace olc;
@ -52,6 +53,10 @@ public:
uint16_t pc=0x200; uint16_t pc=0x200;
uint16_t index; //One 16-bit index register called “I” which is used to point at locations in memory uint16_t index; //One 16-bit index register called “I” which is used to point at locations in memory
std::array<uint8_t,16>reg; std::array<uint8_t,16>reg;
std::random_device rd; //Will be used to obtain a seed for the random number engine
std::mt19937 gen; //Standard mersenne_twister_engine seeded with rd()
std::uniform_int_distribution<> distrib;
std::array<Key,16>keymap{X,K1,K2,K3,Q,W,E,A,S,D,Z,C,K4,R,F,V};
std::string Display8(int number){ std::string Display8(int number){
std::bitset<8>numb(number); std::bitset<8>numb(number);
@ -65,10 +70,12 @@ public:
bool OnUserCreate() override bool OnUserCreate() override
{ {
gen=std::mt19937(rd());
distrib=std::uniform_int_distribution<>(0,255);
for (int i=0;i<display.size();i++){ for (int i=0;i<display.size();i++){
display[i]=0; display[i]=0;
} }
std::ifstream file("test_opcode.ch8",std::ios_base::binary); std::ifstream file("bc_test.ch8",std::ios_base::binary);
uint16_t counter=0x200; uint16_t counter=0x200;
while (file.good()){ while (file.good()){
int val = file.get(); int val = file.get();
@ -148,14 +155,20 @@ public:
pc=NNN; pc=NNN;
//std::cout<<"Entering subroutine @ 0x"<<std::hex<<NNN<<std::endl; //std::cout<<"Entering subroutine @ 0x"<<std::hex<<NNN<<std::endl;
}break; }break;
case 0x3:{ case 0x3:{//If register X is equal to NN, skip instruction.
if(reg[X]==NN){
pc+=2;
}
}break; }break;
case 0x4:{ case 0x4:{//If register X is not equal to NN, skip instruction.
if(reg[X]!=NN){
pc+=2;
}
}break; }break;
case 0x5:{ case 0x5:{//If register X is equal to register Y, skip instruction.
if(reg[X]==reg[Y]){
pc+=2;
}
}break; }break;
case 0x6:{ //Set the register X to NN. case 0x6:{ //Set the register X to NN.
reg[X]=NN; reg[X]=NN;
@ -166,19 +179,69 @@ public:
//std::cout<<(int)reg[X]<<std::endl; //std::cout<<(int)reg[X]<<std::endl;
}break; }break;
case 0x8:{ case 0x8:{
switch(N){
case 0x0:{//VX is set to the value of VY.
reg[X]=reg[Y];
}break;
case 0x1:{//Binary OR VX w/VY.
reg[X]|=reg[Y];
}break;
case 0x2:{//Binary AND VX w/VY.
reg[X]&=reg[Y];
}break;
case 0x3:{//Logical XOR VX w/VY.
reg[X]^=reg[Y];
}break;
case 0x4:{//Add VY to VX, set carry bit if overflow occurs.
reg[0xF]=0;
if ((int)reg[X]+(int)reg[Y]>255){
reg[0xF]=1;
}
reg[X]+=reg[Y];
}break;
case 0x5:{// sets VX to the result of VX - VY.
reg[0xF]=0;
if (reg[X]>reg[Y]){
reg[0xF]=1;
}
reg[X]-=reg[Y];
}break;
case 0x6:{//Shift Right
//reg[X]=reg[Y];
reg[0xF]=reg[X]&0x1;
reg[X]>>=1;
}break;
case 0x7:{//sets VX to the result of VY - VX. It's a reverse subtraction.
reg[0xF]=0;
if (reg[Y]>reg[X]){
reg[0xF]=1;
}
reg[X]=reg[Y]-reg[X];
}break;
case 0xE:{//Shift Left
//std::cout<<"Y is: "<<(int)Y<<std::endl;
//reg[X]=reg[Y];
std::cout<<"Before left shift: "<<(int)reg[X]<<std::endl;
reg[0xF]=(reg[X]&0x80)>>7;
std::cout<<"Register F: "<<(int)reg[0xF]<<std::endl;
reg[X]<<=1;
std::cout<<"After Left shift: "<<(int)reg[X]<<std::endl;
}break;
}
}break; }break;
case 0x9:{ case 0x9:{//If register X is not equal to register Y, skip instruction.
if(reg[X]!=reg[Y]){
pc+=2;
}
}break; }break;
case 0xA:{ //This sets the index register I to the value NNN. case 0xA:{ //This sets the index register I to the value NNN.
index=NNN; index=NNN;
}break; }break;
case 0xB:{ case 0xB:{//Jump w/Offset
pc=NNN+reg[0x0];
}break; }break;
case 0xC:{ case 0xC:{//Random number from 0 to NN.
reg[X]=distrib(gen)&NN;
}break; }break;
case 0xD:{ //Display case 0xD:{ //Display
uint8_t start_X=reg[X]%ScreenWidth(); uint8_t start_X=reg[X]%ScreenWidth();
@ -202,10 +265,69 @@ public:
} }
}break; }break;
case 0xE:{ case 0xE:{
switch (NN){
case 0x9E:{//EX9E: Skip an instruction if key in VX is pressed.
if (GetKey(keymap[reg[X]]).bHeld){
pc+=2;
}
}break;
case 0xA1:{//EXA1: Skip an instruction if key in VX is not pressed.
if (!GetKey(keymap[reg[X]]).bHeld){
pc+=2;
}
}break;
}
}break; }break;
case 0xF:{ case 0xF:{
switch (NN){
case 0x07:{//sets VX to the current value of the delay timer
reg[X]=delay_timer;
}break;
case 0x15:{//sets the delay timer to the value in VX
delay_timer=reg[X];
}break;
case 0x18:{//sets the sound timer to the value in VX
sound_timer=reg[X];
}break;
case 0x1E:{//The index register I will get the value in VX added to it.
reg[0xF]=0;
if (index+reg[X]>=0x1000){
reg[0xF]=1;
}
index+=reg[X];
}break;
case 0x0A:{//This instruction “blocks”; it stops executing instructions and waits for key input
for (int i=0;i<keymap.size();i++){
if (GetKey(keymap[i]).bHeld){
reg[X]=i;
goto pass;
}
}
pc-=2;
pass:;
}break;
case 0x29:{//The index register I is set to the address of the hexadecimal character in VX.
index=0x50+(reg[X]&0xF)*5;
}break;
case 0x33:{//Binary-coded decimal conversion
uint8_t numb=reg[X];//156
memory[index+2]=numb%10;
numb/=10;
memory[index+1]=numb%10;
numb/=10;
memory[index]=numb%10;
}break;
case 0x55:{//Stores registers from V0 to VX in memory pointed by index.
for (int i=0;i<=X;i++){
memory[index+i]=reg[i];
}
}break;
case 0x65:{//Retrieves registers from V0 to VX in memory pointed by index.
for (int i=0;i<=X;i++){
reg[i]=memory[index+i];
}
}break;
}
}break; }break;
} }
} }